2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 1
Vul: None
Dealer N

WEST
NORTH
S  Q 9 8
H  7 4 2
D  K
C  K J T 9 5 2




EAST
S  7 5 4
H  A K J T 8
D  Q 4 3
C  A Q



SOUTH
S  K J T 2
H  3
D  J T 9 7 6 5
C  6 4
S  A 6 3
H  Q 9 6 5
D  A 8 2
C  8 7 3

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --  --PassPass
Pass1NTPass2C
Pass2D PassPass
Pass   

Lead: CJ
C3CQCJC4
D2D3DKD5
C8CACKC6
DAD4C2DJ
C7DQC5S2
H5HAH2H3
H6HKH4ST
SAS4S8SK

Result: NS -110
Imps: 1

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 1
Vul: None
Dealer N

WEST
NORTH
S  Q 9 8
H  7 4 2
D  K
C  K J T 9 5 2




EAST
S  7 5 4
H  A K J T 8
D  Q 4 3
C  A Q



SOUTH
S  K J T 2
H  3
D  J T 9 7 6 5
C  6 4
S  A 6 3
H  Q 9 6 5
D  A 8 2
C  8 7 3

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --  --PassPass
Pass1NTPass2NT*1
Pass3D *2PassPass
Pass   
  *1 !D
  *2 encouraging

Lead: H2
HQHAH2H3
D8D4DKD5
H9HKH7C4
DAD3C9DJ
C8CAC2C6
  DQ    

Result: NS -130
Imps: -1

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 2
Vul:  NS
Dealer E

WEST
NORTH
S  T 9 2
H  A J 2
D  7 6 3
C  J 9 7 3




EAST
S  K Q J 8 5 3
H  9 8
D  4
C  T 6 5 2



SOUTH
S  7
H  Q 5 4
D  A K Q J 9 5 2
C  A Q
S  A 6 4
H  K T 7 6 3
D  T 8
C  K 8 4

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --  --  --1D
Pass1S Pass3NT
PassPassPass 

Lead: S4
S4SKS2S7
D8D4D7DA

Result: NS -400
Imps: 0

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 2
Vul:  NS
Dealer E

WEST
NORTH
S  T 9 2
H  A J 2
D  7 6 3
C  J 9 7 3




EAST
S  K Q J 8 5 3
H  9 8
D  4
C  T 6 5 2



SOUTH
S  7
H  Q 5 4
D  A K Q J 9 5 2
C  A Q
S  A 6 4
H  K T 7 6 3
D  T 8
C  K 8 4

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --  --  --1D
1H 2H *1Dbl3NT
PassPassPass 
  *1 6!S, approx weak 2

Lead: C4
C4C2C9CQ
D8D4D7DK
DTH8D3DA
S4S3D6DJ
S6S5S2DQ
H3C5STD9

Result: NS -400
Imps: 0

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 3
Vul:  EW
Dealer S

WEST
NORTH
S  9
H  A Q 7
D  K T 9 3
C  A 8 7 5 4




EAST
S  K 8 3
H  8 4 2
D  A 7 6
C  Q J T 2



SOUTH
S  Q T 6 5 4 2
H  J T 5 3
D  2
C  9 3
S  A J 7
H  K 9 6
D  Q J 8 5 4
C  K 6

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
1NTPass3S *1Pass
3NTPassPassPass
  *1 1=3=(5,4)

Lead: C2
CKC2C4C9
D5D7DKD2
D4DADTS5
C6CQCAC3
DQD6D9S6
D8S3D3S2
DJ      

Result: NS +430
Imps: -10

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 3
Vul:  EW
Dealer S

WEST
NORTH
S  9
H  A Q 7
D  K T 9 3
C  A 8 7 5 4




EAST
S  K 8 3
H  8 4 2
D  A 7 6
C  Q J T 2



SOUTH
S  Q T 6 5 4 2
H  J T 5 3
D  2
C  9 3
S  A J 7
H  K 9 6
D  Q J 8 5 4
C  K 6

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
1NT*1Pass3S *2Pass
4D Pass6D Pass
PassPass  
  *1 15-17
  *2 13(54)

Lead: DA
D4DAD3D2
D5D6D9S6
SAS3S9S2

Result: NS +920
Imps: 10

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 4
Vul: All
Dealer W

WEST
NORTH
S  K J 9 6
H  A 7
D  A J 8 5
C  K Q 7




EAST
S  A 3
H  K Q 9 5 3
D  K 7
C  A 8 6 5



SOUTH
S  Q T 5 4
H  6 4
D  6 4 3 2
C  T 9 3
S  8 7 2
H  J T 8 2
D  Q T 9
C  J 4 2

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --1H DblPass
1S Pass3S Pass
PassPass  

Lead: HK
H2HKHAH6
C4CACKC3
D9DKDAD2
CJC5C7CT
S2SAS6S4
DQD7D5D6
S8S3SJSQ
HJHQH7H4
  H3    

Result: NS -100
Imps: 3

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 4
Vul: All
Dealer W

WEST
NORTH
S  K J 9 6
H  A 7
D  A J 8 5
C  K Q 7




EAST
S  A 3
H  K Q 9 5 3
D  K 7
C  A 8 6 5



SOUTH
S  Q T 5 4
H  6 4
D  6 4 3 2
C  T 9 3
S  8 7 2
H  J T 8 2
D  Q T 9
C  J 4 2

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --1H DblPass
1S Pass3S Pass
PassPass  

Lead: HK
H2HKHAH6
C4CACKCT
HTHQH7H4
HJH9D5S4
CJC5C7C3
S2SAS6S5
H8H5CQD2
S8S3SJSQ
C2C6S9C9
DTDKD8D6
D9D7DAD3
S7   SKST

Result: NS -200
Imps: -3

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 5
Vul:  NS
Dealer N

WEST
NORTH
S  A Q 4
H  7 6 3
D  A Q 9
C  K 4 3 2




EAST
S  T 7
H  A Q T 9 8 4 2
D  2
C  A 7 6



SOUTH
S  K 6 3
H 
D  K J T 8 7 5 3
C  Q J T
S  J 9 8 5 2
H  K J 5
D  6 4
C  9 8 5

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --  --1NT3D
PassPassPass 

Lead: S2
S2S7SAS3
D6D2D9DT
D4H2DQD7
S5STSQSK
C5CAC2CQ
  HAH3S6

Result: NS -110
Imps: 0

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 5
Vul:  NS
Dealer N

WEST
NORTH
S  A Q 4
H  7 6 3
D  A Q 9
C  K 4 3 2




EAST
S  T 7
H  A Q T 9 8 4 2
D  2
C  A 7 6



SOUTH
S  K 6 3
H 
D  K J T 8 7 5 3
C  Q J T
S  J 9 8 5 2
H  K J 5
D  6 4
C  9 8 5

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --  --1NT*13D
PassPassPass 
  *1 15-17

Lead: S2
S2STSQSK
C5CAC3CQ
H5HAH3S3
D4D2DAD3
HJH2H7D8
D6     DK

Result: NS -110
Imps: 0

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 6
Vul:  EW
Dealer E

WEST
NORTH
S  K Q T 9 6
H  K 9 8
D  6 2
C  Q T 8




EAST
S  7 5 2
H  Q J 7 5
D  T 3
C  A J 9 3



SOUTH
S  A 4
H  A T 6 4
D  A J 8
C  7 6 4 2
S  J 8 3
H  3 2
D  K Q 9 7 5 4
C  K 5

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --  --  --1C
1D 1H 1S 2H *1
DblPass2S Pass
Pass3C Pass3H
PassPassPass 
  *1 4 hearts

Lead: SK
S3S5SKS4
DQDTD6D8
CKCAC8C2
H2H5H8HA
H3HQHKH4
D4D3D2DA
D5H7H9HT
C5     C4

Result: NS +100
Imps: 6

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 6
Vul:  EW
Dealer E

WEST
NORTH
S  K Q T 9 6
H  K 9 8
D  6 2
C  Q T 8




EAST
S  7 5 2
H  Q J 7 5
D  T 3
C  A J 9 3



SOUTH
S  A 4
H  A T 6 4
D  A J 8
C  7 6 4 2
S  J 8 3
H  3 2
D  K Q 9 7 5 4
C  K 5

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --  --  --1C
2D *1DblPass2H
PassPassPass 
  *1 weak

Lead: DK
DKD3D6DA
C5CAC8C4
H2HQH8H4
H3H5H9HT
D4H7HKHA
CKC3CTC6

Result: NS -140
Imps: -6

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 7
Vul: All
Dealer S

WEST
NORTH
S  7 5
H  A Q 3
D  J 8 4 3
C  K Q 6 4




EAST
S  A Q T 8
H  T 4
D  Q 9 6 2
C  A 9 3



SOUTH
S  6 3 2
H  9 7 2
D  A K 5
C  J T 8 2
S  K J 9 4
H  K J 8 6 5
D  T 7
C  7 5

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
Pass1D Pass1NT
PassPassPass 

Lead: H5
H5HTHAH2
H8H4HQH7
HKS8H3H9
HJD2C6S2
H6D6S5S3
S4SQS7S6
S9SAD3C2
D7DQD4D5
DTD9D8DK
SJSTDJDA
C5C3CQCT

Result: NS -90
Imps: -5

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 7
Vul: All
Dealer S

WEST
NORTH
S  7 5
H  A Q 3
D  J 8 4 3
C  K Q 6 4




EAST
S  A Q T 8
H  T 4
D  Q 9 6 2
C  A 9 3



SOUTH
S  6 3 2
H  9 7 2
D  A K 5
C  J T 8 2
S  K J 9 4
H  K J 8 6 5
D  T 7
C  7 5

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
Pass1D Pass1NT
2D Pass2H Pass
PassPass  

Lead: H2
H5HTHQH2
SJSQS5S6
D7D9D3DK
C5CAC4CJ
C7C9CKC2
SKSAS7S3
H8H4H3H7
S4S8HAS2
    CQC8

Result: NS +110
Imps: 5

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 8
Vul: None
Dealer W

WEST
NORTH
S  Q J 7 6 5
H  9 8
D  K Q J 4
C  7 2




EAST
S  3
H  K Q J 6
D  2
C  A K J T 8 5 3



SOUTH
S  K 8
H  A 4 3
D  A T 9 8 6 5
C  6 4
S  A T 9 4 2
H  T 7 5 2
D  7 3
C  Q 9

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --1C 1S 2D
4S 5C PassPass
Pass   

Lead: SQ
SAS3SQSK
H5H6H8HA
C9CAC2C4
CQCKC7C6

Result: NS -420
Imps: -1

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 8
Vul: None
Dealer W

WEST
NORTH
S  Q J 7 6 5
H  9 8
D  K Q J 4
C  7 2




EAST
S  3
H  K Q J 6
D  2
C  A K J T 8 5 3



SOUTH
S  K 8
H  A 4 3
D  A T 9 8 6 5
C  6 4
S  A T 9 4 2
H  T 7 5 2
D  7 3
C  Q 9

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --1C 1S 2D
3S 5C PassPass
Pass   

Lead: SQ
SAS3SQSK
H7HQH9H3
C9CAC2C4
CQCTC7C6

Result: NS -400
Imps: 1

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 9
Vul:  EW
Dealer N

WEST
NORTH
S  T
H  6 4
D  A Q J 8 5 4 2
C  9 7 4




EAST
S  K Q 8 7 6 4 3
H  A 8
D  6 3
C  A 5



SOUTH
S  A J 5 2
H  K Q 7
D  9
C  Q J T 3 2
S  9
H  J T 9 5 3 2
D  K T 7
C  K 8 6

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --  --2D Dbl
3D 6S PassPass
Pass   

Lead: DA
DTD3DAD9

Result: NS -1430
Imps: 0

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 9
Vul:  EW
Dealer N

WEST
NORTH
S  T
H  6 4
D  A Q J 8 5 4 2
C  9 7 4




EAST
S  K Q 8 7 6 4 3
H  A 8
D  6 3
C  A 5



SOUTH
S  A J 5 2
H  K Q 7
D  9
C  Q J T 3 2
S  9
H  J T 9 5 3 2
D  K T 7
C  K 8 6

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --  --Pass1C
3H 3S 4D 4S
Pass5C Pass5D
DblPassPass5S
Pass6S PassPass
Pass   

Lead: DA
D7D3DAD9

Result: NS -1430
Imps: 0

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 10
Vul: All
Dealer E

WEST
NORTH
S  A Q T 9 5
H  4 3
D  Q 9 8 6
C  K J




EAST
S  K 6 4
H  Q J 9 8 7 5 2
D 
C  7 4 3



SOUTH
S  8 2
H  A K 6
D  A J T 5 2
C  A 9 8
S  J 7 3
H  T
D  K 7 4 3
C  Q T 6 5 2

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --  --  --1D
Pass1H Pass2C
Pass2H Pass4H
PassPassPass 

Lead: D8
D7C3D8DA
S3SKSAS2
HTHQH3H6
C5H5H4HA
D3H9D6D2
S7S4S9S8

Result: NS -620
Imps: 1

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 10
Vul: All
Dealer E

WEST
NORTH
S  A Q T 9 5
H  4 3
D  Q 9 8 6
C  K J




EAST
S  K 6 4
H  Q J 9 8 7 5 2
D 
C  7 4 3



SOUTH
S  8 2
H  A K 6
D  A J T 5 2
C  A 9 8
S  J 7 3
H  T
D  K 7 4 3
C  Q T 6 5 2

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --  --  --1NT*1
Pass4D *2Pass4H
PassPassPass 
  *1 15-17
  *2 trf !H

Lead: D4
D4C3DQDA
D3C4D6DT
D7HQD8D5
HTH9H3HA
DKHJD9D2
  H8H4HK

Result: NS -650
Imps: -1

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 11
Vul: None
Dealer S

WEST
NORTH
S  K Q 7
H  K 7
D  K 9 2
C  J 8 7 3 2




EAST
S  J T 9 8 5
H  T 4 3
D  Q T 5
C  9 4



SOUTH
S  3 2
H  9 8 5 2
D  A 8 3
C  K Q T 6
S  A 6 4
H  A Q J 6
D  J 7 6 4
C  A 5

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
1NTPass3C *1Pass
3D Pass3NTPass
PassPass  
  *1 puppet

Lead: ST
S6STSKS3
DJDQD2D3
HQH3H7H8
D7D5D9DA
H6H4HKH2
D4DTDKD8

Result: NS +430
Imps: -2

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 11
Vul: None
Dealer S

WEST
NORTH
S  K Q 7
H  K 7
D  K 9 2
C  J 8 7 3 2




EAST
S  J T 9 8 5
H  T 4 3
D  Q T 5
C  9 4



SOUTH
S  3 2
H  9 8 5 2
D  A 8 3
C  K Q T 6
S  A 6 4
H  A Q J 6
D  J 7 6 4
C  A 5

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
1NT*1Pass3NTPass
PassPass  
  *1 15-17

Lead: SJ
SASJS7S3
D4D5D9D3
D6DTD2DA
C5C9CJC6
D7DQDKD8

Result: NS +490
Imps: 2

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 12
Vul:  NS
Dealer W

WEST
NORTH
S  K 9 8
H  7 6 4 2
D  K Q J 4
C  T 6




EAST
S  Q T 6 4
H  T 8 5
D  A 3 2
C  K 8 3



SOUTH
S  A J 7 3
H  A Q J 9
D  T 6
C  A Q 9
S  5 2
H  K 3
D  9 8 7 5
C  J 7 5 4 2

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --PassPass1C
Pass1S Pass4S
PassPassPass 

Lead: DK
D5DADKD6
S5STS8S3
S2S4S9SJ
D7S6SKSA
C2CKC6C9
HKHTH2H9

Result: NS -450
Imps: 0

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 12
Vul:  NS
Dealer W

WEST
NORTH
S  K 9 8
H  7 6 4 2
D  K Q J 4
C  T 6




EAST
S  Q T 6 4
H  T 8 5
D  A 3 2
C  K 8 3



SOUTH
S  A J 7 3
H  A Q J 9
D  T 6
C  A Q 9
S  5 2
H  K 3
D  9 8 7 5
C  J 7 5 4 2

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --PassPass1C
Pass1S Pass3S
Pass4S PassPass
Pass   

Lead: DK
D5D3DKD6
C7CKCTC9
S2STS8S3
S5S4S9SJ
D7S6SKSA

Result: NS -450
Imps: 0

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 13
Vul: All
Dealer N

WEST
NORTH
S  4
H  A J 3
D  J T 7 3 2
C  T 7 4 2




EAST
S  K Q 6 5
H  K T 7 6 5 2
D  A 9 5
C 



SOUTH
S  J 7 3 2
H  8 4
D  K Q 6
C  Q 8 6 5
S  A T 9 8
H  Q 9
D  8 4
C  A K J 9 3

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --  --PassPass
1C 1H 2C Pass
3C DblPassPass
Pass   

Lead: SK
SASKS4S3
HQHKHAH8
D4D5D2DQ
CAH2C2C5
H9HTHJH4
D8D9DJDK
C3H5C7C6
C9H6H3S7
S8S5C4SJ
CJDAD3D6
S9S6CTS2

Result: NS +870
Imps: 14

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 13
Vul: All
Dealer N

WEST
NORTH
S  4
H  A J 3
D  J T 7 3 2
C  T 7 4 2




EAST
S  K Q 6 5
H  K T 7 6 5 2
D  A 9 5
C 



SOUTH
S  J 7 3 2
H  8 4
D  K Q 6
C  Q 8 6 5
S  A T 9 8
H  Q 9
D  8 4
C  A K J 9 3

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --  --PassPass
1NT*12H PassPass
Pass   
  *1 15-17

Lead: S4
SAS6S4S2
CKH2C4C5
D4D5D2DK
H9HTHJH4
D8D9D3DQ
HQ     H8

Result: NS -170
Imps: -14

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 14
Vul: None
Dealer E

WEST
NORTH
S  9 7 6 4
H  K
D  A 9 6 4 3
C  Q 6 3




EAST
S  A 8 5
H  A J
D  Q J 5 2
C  8 7 5 4



SOUTH
S  K Q T 3
H  T 9 7 6 5
D  T 7
C  J 2
S  J 2
H  Q 8 4 3 2
D  K 8
C  A K T 9

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
 --  --  --Pass
1H Pass1S Pass
1NTPassPassPass

Lead: D2
DKD2D3DT
H2HAHKH5
D8DQDAD7
H3DJD9C2
S2SAS4S3
SJS8S6SQ
H4S5S7SK
      ST

Result: NS +90
Imps: 0

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 14
Vul: None
Dealer E

WEST
NORTH
S  9 7 6 4
H  K
D  A 9 6 4 3
C  Q 6 3




EAST
S  A 8 5
H  A J
D  Q J 5 2
C  8 7 5 4



SOUTH
S  K Q T 3
H  T 9 7 6 5
D  T 7
C  J 2
S  J 2
H  Q 8 4 3 2
D  K 8
C  A K T 9

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
 --  --  --Pass
1H Pass1S Pass
2C PassPassPass

Lead: C4
CKC4C3CJ
H3HAHKH5
C9C5C6C2

Result: NS +90
Imps: 0

Open Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 15
Vul:  NS
Dealer S

WEST
NORTH
S  J 6
H  9 8 6
D  7 5 2
C  A J 9 6 3




EAST
S  A T 5 3
H  K T 2
D  A J 9 8 3
C  Q



SOUTH
S  K Q 8 4 2
H  J 7 5
D  T 6
C  8 5 4
S  9 7
H  A Q 4 3
D  K Q 4
C  K T 7 2

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
LallSchermerMilnerChambers
1C Dbl2C 2S
3C 4S PassPass
Pass   

Lead: C7
C7CQCAC4
HAH2H9HJ
DKDAD2D6
S7SAS6S2
S9S3SJSK

Result: NS -420
Imps: 0

Closed Room - 2016 Senior USBC SF - 21-Jun-2016

Board 15
Vul:  NS
Dealer S

WEST
NORTH
S  J 6
H  9 8 6
D  7 5 2
C  A J 9 6 3




EAST
S  A T 5 3
H  K T 2
D  A J 9 8 3
C  Q



SOUTH
S  K Q 8 4 2
H  J 7 5
D  T 6
C  8 5 4
S  9 7
H  A Q 4 3
D  K Q 4
C  K T 7 2

SOUTHWESTNORTHEAST
WeichselZiaMillerMeckstroth
1NT*12D *2Pass2H *3
Pass2S Pass4S
PassPassPass 
  *1 15-17
  *2 !D & major
  *3 pass/correct

Lead: H6
HAH2H6H5
H3HTH8H7
S7SAS6S2
S9S3SJSK
DQDAD2D6
DKD3D5DT
CK      

Result: NS -420
Imps: 0